Immature Orange
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Market name：枳實 Photo location：Museum of Materia Medica, Inst. of Nat. Med. TMPW No.：15446 |
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Plant name：Citrus aurantium Photo location：Jiangxi Prov., China Photo date：1994 Photographer：K. Komatsu |
| Synonym | |
| Latin name | Aurantii Fructus Immaturus |
| Botanical source: Family name | Rutaceae |
| Botanical source: Plant name | - Citrus aurantium var. daidai Makino - Citrus × aurantium Linné (IPNI:59600-2) - Citrus natsudaidai Hayata (IPNI:771993-1) |
| Part used | Unripe fruit |
| Empirical criteria for quality selection | Good one is 2cm in diameter, and has thick blueish-black skin. It is one of "Sin-Chen" which refers older the better and consists of 6 crude drugs (TN). |
| Constituents | Other aliphatic and related compounds: [Citrus spp.]: Citric acid Monosaccharides: [Citrus spp.]: Vitamin C Polysaccharides: [Citrus spp.]: Pectic substance Monoterpenoids: [Citrus spp.]: d-Limonene [C. aurantium, C. sinensis]: Linalyl acetate, Geranyl acetate, Methyl anthranilate, Citronellal, Citral, Linalool, Terpineol, Geraniol Triterpenoids: [Citrus spp.]: Limonin Flavones & Flavonols: [C. aurantium]: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, Rhoifolin; [C. sinensis]: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, Rhoifolin; [C. unshiu]: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin; [C. reticulata]: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Isosakuranetin, Nobiletin, Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin; [Poncirus trifoliata]: Tangeretin; [C. natsudaidai]: Nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, Rhoifolin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, (Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, Isosinensetin, 5-Demethylnobiletin) [C. ichangensis]: Nobiletin, Tangeretin; [C. wilsonii]: Nobiletin, Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, Tangeretin; [C. junos]: 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone Flavanones & Dihydroflavonols: [C. aurantium]: Poncirin, Naringenin, Hesperetin, Isosakuranetin, Narirutin, Naringin, Hesperidin, Neohesperidin; [C. sinensis]: Naringenin, Hesperetin, Isosakuranetin, Narirutin, Hesperidin, Naringin [C. unshiu]: Naringenin, Hesperetin, Narirutin, Hesperidin; [C. reticulata]: Naringenin, Hesperetin, Narirutin, Hesperidin; P. trifoliata: Poncirin, Naringenin, Isosakuranetin, Narirutin, Naringin; [C. natsudaidai]: Poncirin, Naringenin, Naringin, Neohesperidin, Hesperetin, (Narirutin, Hesperidin) Coumarins: [C. aurantium, C. sinensis]: Umbelliferone, Auraptene, Citropten, Isoimperatorin, Imperatorin; [C. aurantium]: Meranzin hydrate, Marmin, Isomeranzin, 5-[(6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl) oxy]-Psoralen, Isoimperatorin, Meranzin; [P. trifoliata]: Isomeranzin, Poncimarin, Isoponcimarin, Imperatorin, Phellopterin, Isoimperatorin; [C. natsudaidai]: Meranzin hydrate, Marmin, Isomeranzin, 5-[(6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl) oxy]-Psoralen, Isoimperatorin, Meranzin, (Phellopterin); [C. ichangensis]: Meranzin hydrate, Limettin, Meranzin, Marmin, Isomeranzin, 5-[(6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl) oxy]-Psoralen, Epoxyaurapten; [C. wilsonii]: Meranzin, Marmin, Isomeranzin, Oxypeucedanin, 5-[(6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl) oxy]-Psoralen, Imperatorin, Epoxyaurapten, Isoimperatorin; [C. junos]: Phellopterin, Isoimperatorin Alkaloids: [Citrus spp.]: Synephrine; N-Methylthyramine Others: [Citrus spp.]: Calcium chloride, Potassium chloride |
| Pharmacological effects | Antiallergic (water extract, sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin), antiinflammatory (neohesperidin, sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin), antiulcer (marmin, nobiletin) and analgesic (isoimperatorin). |
| Indications | As an aromatic stomachic, it is applied to treat indigestion, abdominal distention, constipation, stomachache and phlegm syndrome. Though the effects are similar to Aurantii Fructus (kikoku in JP, zhiqiao in CN), it is stronger in action. |
| Diseases | Abdominal pain, Constipation, Diarrhea, Full stomach, Malaise due to feeling hot in the chest, Stomachache, Anorexia |
| Formulas | untanto , en'nenhangeto , kairosan , kagenryokakusan (kyoteiken) , kamiuntanto , karokijitsuto , kanroin , kishukunichinto , kijutsuto , kippikijitsushokyoto , kyukichoketsuindaiichikagen , keigairengyoto , keibohaidokusan , kobokusammotsuto , kobokushichimotsuto , goshakusan , saikyohangeto , saikokikitsuto , saikosokanto , shigyakusan , shojokito , shobaito , jiketsujunchoto , junchoto , jinsoin , seijobofuto , daisaikoto , daisaikotokyodaio , daijokito , chikujountanto , tsudosan , hainosan , hainosankyuto , bukuryoin , bukuryoinkahange , bukuryoingohangekobokuto , bunshoto , henseishinkiin , mashiningan |
| Meridian tropism | Spleen, Stomach |
| Property | Slightly cold |
| Flavor | Bitter, Sour |
| Classification in "Shen-non Ben-cao Jing" | Middle |
| TCM: Classification | Drugs for regulating the flow of vital energy |
| TCM: Medicinal effects | To eliminate stagnation of qi marked by a feeling of stuffiness, fullness and distending pain. Used for tenesmus in dysentery or constipation, pectoral pain and stuffiness sensation, due to stagnation of phlegm and qi, tenderness and feeling of fullness in the costal regions or from the epigastrium down to lower abdomen accompanied by constipation, gastroptosis, prolapse of the rectum, prolapse of the uterus. |
| Remarks | Listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th ed. |
| References | TN: T. Namba & Y. Tsuda ed., Outline of Pharmacognosy, a Textbook, 3rd ed., Nankodo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1998. |
DNA sequences of medicinal plants
| Gene Region | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | Chloroplast | Mitochondria | |||||||||||||||||
| Botanical source: Plant name | 5Ss | 18S | ITS1 | 5.8S | ITS2 | 26S | others | trnH-psbA | matK | trnK | trnK-rps16 | trnT-L | trnL | trnL-F | rbcL | rpoC1 | ndhF | others | |
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