Citrus Unshiu Peel
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Market name：陳皮 Photo location：Museum of Materia Medica, Inst. of Nat. Med. TMPW No.：12750 |
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Plant name：Citrus sp. Photo location：Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China Photo date：1999 Photographer：K. Komatsu |
| Synonym | |
| Latin name | Citri Unshiu Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium) |
| Botanical source: Family name | Rutaceae |
| Botanical source: Plant name | - Citrus unshiu Marcowicz (IPNI:772094-1) - Citrus reticulata Blanco (IPNI:772038-1) |
| Part used | Pericarp |
| Empirical criteria for quality selection | The older the better. The older Chenpi has a milder aroma than the fresh one. It is one of "Sin-Chen" which refers older the better and consists of 6 crude drugs. (TN). |
| Constituents | Other aliphatic and related compounds: C. unshiu: Citric acid Monosaccharides: C. unshiu : Vitamin C Monoterpenoids: C. tangerina: α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Limonene, β-Phellandrene, p-Cymene, α-Terpinene, Linalool, Linalyl acetate; C. unshiu: Limonene, α-Terpinene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Linalool, α-Thujene, α-Terpineol, Myrcene, 1,8-Menthadien-10-ol acetate Sesquiterpenoids: C. unshiu: δ-Elemene, α-Copaene, β-Sesquiphellandrene, α-Elemol, α-Farnesene, β-Elemene, δ-Cadinene, α-Cubebene Flavones & Flavonols: C. unshiu: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, (5-Demethylnobiletin); C. reticulata: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, Tangeretin, 5-Hydroxy-7,8,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone, 5-Demethylnobiletin, (Tetra-O-methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone); C. sinensis: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, tetra-O-Methylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, (3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone); C. grandis: Tangeretin, Rhoifolin; C. tangerina: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, (Tetra-Omethylscutellarein, 5-Hydroxy-7,8,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone); C. erythrosa: Isosinensetin, Sinensetin, 5,7,8,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Nobiletin, Tangeretin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, Rhoifolin, (Tetra-Omethylscutellarein, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, 5-Hydroxy-7,8,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone) Flavanones & Dihydroflavonols: C. tangerina: Hesperidin, Narirutin, (Poncirin, Naringenin); C. unshiu: Hesperidin, Naringenin, Hesperetin, Narirutin, (Naringin); C. reticulata: Hesperetin, Narirutin, Hesperidin; C. sinensis: Poncirin, Naringenin, Hesperetin, Narirutin, Hesperidin; C. grandis: Naringenin, Naringin, Hesperetin; C. erythrosa: Poncirin, Narirutin, Hesperidin Coumarins: C. grandis: Meranzin hydrate, Marmin, Isomeranzin, 5-[(6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenyl) oxy]-psoralen, Isoimperatorin, Meranzin; C. reticulata: (Oxypeucedanin, Isoimperatorin); C. tangerina: (Limettin, Isomeranzin); C. erythrosa: (Isomeranzin) Alkaloids: Citrus spp.: Synephrine |
| Pharmacological effects | Sedative, inhibition of central nervous system, ileum extirpation, contraction of uterus and peripheral blood vessel, mucosal and local stimulation, increase in inner pressure of gallbladder and hypertonia of Sphincter of Oddi, increase in bile secretion, acceleration of intestinal movement, decrease in the level of cholesterol in liver and serum (d-limonene). antiulcer (nobiletin). Sympathomimetic action (synephrine). Antiinflammatory (naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, sinensetin, xanthotoxin), antiallergic(nobiletin, tangeretin, 3-methoxynobiletin, sinensetin), inhibition of c-AMP phosphodiesterase (nobiletin, tangeretin, 3-demethylnobiletin). Strengthening of capillary (hesperidin), and antioxidant (3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid). |
| Indications | As an aromatic stomachic, carminative, expectorant and antitussive drug, it is applied to treat anorexia, vomiting, catharsis, pain and cough. It enters the qi system of lung and spleen, and is applied to upper and middle energizer. |
| Diseases | Full stomach, Vomitting, Diarrhea, Anorexia, Feeling of pressure in the chest, Cough, A lot of sputum |
| Formulas | ireito , uyakujunkisan , ureitsukisan , untanto , kashokuyohito , kakkoshokisan , kamiuntanto , kamiheiisan , karokijitsuto , kishukunichinto , kyukichoketsuin , kyukichoketsuindaiichikagen , kyososan , keihito , koshaheiisan , koshayoito , kosharikkunshito , kososan , goshakusan , saishakurikkunshito , saisoin , shimpito , jiinkokato , jiinshihoto , jingyobofuto , jinsoin , seishitsuketanto , seishoekkito , seihaito , zenshikunshito , sokeikakketsuto , soshikokito , takurishodokuin , chikujountanto , chokoshiteito , chotosan , tsudosan , nijutsuto , nichinto , ninjin'yoeito , hachigesan , hachimitaikaho , hangebyakujutsutemmato , fukankinshokisan , bukuryoin , bukuryoinkahange , bukuryoingohangekobokuto , bunshoto , bunshinkiin , heiisan , hokikenchuto , hochuekkito , yokukansankachimpihange , rikkunshito |
| Meridian tropism | Lung, Spleen |
| Property | Warm |
| Flavor | Acrid/pungent, Bitter |
| Classification in "Shen-non Ben-cao Jing" | Superior |
| TCM: Classification | Drugs for regulating the flow of vital energy |
| TCM: Medicinal effects | To regulate the flow of qi, to invigorate the spleen function, to eliminate damp, and to resolve phlegm.: For distention and a fullness sensation in the chest and epigastrium with anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea, cough with copious phlegm. |
| Remarks | Listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th ed. |
| References | TN: T. Namba & Y. Tsuda ed., Outline of Pharmacognosy, a Textbook, 3rd ed., Nankodo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1998. |
DNA sequences of medicinal plants
| Gene Region | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | Chloroplast | Mitochondria | |||||||||||||||||
| Botanical source: Plant name | 5Ss | 18S | ITS1 | 5.8S | ITS2 | 26S | others | trnH-psbA | matK | trnK | trnK-rps16 | trnT-L | trnL | trnL-F | rbcL | rpoC1 | ndhF | others | |
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GQ248747 EF590436 GQ248434 GQ247928 AY095445 AY690321 DQ001754 F590806 EF590862 EF590931 EF118864 EF118865 EF126537 EF126538 EF126604 EF134669 EF134670 EF164849 EF164850 EF176533 EF176534 |
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