Ginseng
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Market name：直参 Photo location：Museum of Materia Medica, Inst. of Nat. Med. TMPW No.：15 |
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Plant name：Panax ginseng Photo location：Yunnan Prov., China Photo date：1999 Photographer：K. Komatsu |
| Synonym | |
| Latin name | Ginseng Radix |
| Botanical source: Family name | Araliaceae |
| Botanical source: Plant name | Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer (IPNI:91472-1) |
| Part used | Root |
| Empirical criteria for quality selection | A high quality Ginseng has long root with big branch and long rhizome. The one of excessive sweetness is lower quality. (NI) |
| Constituents | Other aliphatic and related compounds: Panaxynol, Panaxydol, Heptadece-1-en-4,6-diyn-3,9-diol Sugar: D-Glucose, D-Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose, Trisaccharide A, Trisaccharide B, Trisaccharide C Sesquiterpenoids: Panacene, β-Elemene Triterpenoids: Oleanolic acid, (20S)-Protopanaxadiol, (20S)-Protopanaxatriol Triterpenoid saponins: Ginsenoside Ro, Ginsenoside Ra1, Ginsenoside Ra2, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rb2, Ginsenoside Rb3, Ginsenoside Rc, Ginsenoside Rd, Ginsenoside Re, Ginsenoside Rf, Ginsenoside Rg1, Ginsenoside Rg2, Ginsenoside Rh, Ginsenoside La (leaves), 24(S)-Pseudoginsenoside F11, Pseudoginsenoside Rc1 Steroids: β-Sitosterol, β-Sitosterylglucoside Simple nitrogen containing compounds: Choline Other: Vitamin B |
| Pharmacological effects | Water extract: hypoglycemic, decreases blood ketones, enhances RNA synthesis in the liver. Ethanol extract: enhances cholinergic action, antihypertensive, accelerates breathing, hypoglycemic, increases red blood cells, promotes digestive motion, enhances adrenocortical function. Saponin fraction: stimulates central nervous system, reduces stress, effects the central nerve function (Rb group, sedation; Re group, excitation). |
| Indications | Widely used as a tonic, cardiotonic, replenishing vital essence, tranquilizer, stomachic and anti-fatigue drug. It is used to treat the decline of metabolism by gastric weakness. It is applied to invalid's gastric stagnation, indigestion, nausea, chest pain, relaxant diarrhea and lack of appetite. |
| Diseases | Tiredness, Weak constitution, Decline of strength after illness, General malaise, Dyspnea, Shortness of breath, Thirst, Amnesia, Palpitation, Anxiety |
| Formulas | ifuto , unkeito , en'nenhangeto , ogibekkoto , orento , ompito , kaikyushokushoto , kashokuyohito , kamiuntanto , kamikihito , kamishimotsuto , kankyooren'ogon'ninjinto , kankyoninjinhangegan , kanzoshashinto , kippichikujoto , kihito , kyutsugan , keishikashakuyakushokyoninjinto , keishininjinto , keihito , gedaishimotsutokami , koshayoito , kosharikkunshito , kobokushokyohangeninjinkanzoto , goshuyuto , saikanto , saikokaboshoto , saikokaryukotsuboreito , saikokeishito , saishakurikkunshito , saisoin , saibokuto , saireito , shigyakukaninjinto , shikunshito , shakanzoto , shokyoshashinto , shosaikoto , shosaikotokakikyosekko , shozokumeito , jijinmeimokuto , juzentaihoto , jurokumiryukiin , jofuto , jinsoin , jinryobyakujutsusan , seikiankaito , seishoekkito , seishinrenshiin , seinetsuhokito , senkin'naitakusan , sempukukataishasekito , zenshikunshito , zenshibyakujutsusan , zosonmokuboito , zokumeito , takurishodokuin , daikenchuto , daihangeto , daibofuto , chikujountanto , chikuyosekkoto , chukenchuto , chotosan , tokishakuyakusankaninjin , tokito , nyoshinsan , ninjinto , ninjin'yoeito , hachigesan , hangeshashinto , hangebyakujutsutemmato , bakumondoto , byakkokaninjinto , fuhishomyakusan , bukuryoin , bukuryoinkahange , bukuryoingohangekobokuto , bukuryoshigyakuto , bushito , bushirichuto , hokikenchuto , hochuekkito , hontonto (chugoho) , mokuboikyosekkokabukuryoboshoto , mokuboito , rikkunshito |
| Meridian tropism | Lung, Spleen |
| Property | Slightly warm |
| Flavor | Sweet, Slightly bitter |
| Classification in "Shen-non Ben-cao Jing" | Superior |
| TCM: Classification | Tonics |
| TCM: Medicinal effects | To tonify the original qi greatly, resume pulse and secure collapse, tonify spleen and replenish kidney, engender fluid and nourish blood, tranquilize the mind and replenish wisdom. Being just going to collapse caused by body deficiency, cold limbs and faint pulse, low appetite caused by spleen deficiency, dyspnea and cough caused by lung deficiency, thirsty caused by fluid damage, interior heat and wasting-thirst, deficiency of qi and blood, frail caused by long-term illness, fright palpitations and insomnia, impotence and uterine coldness. |
| Remarks | Listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th ed. |
| References | NI: N. Isshiki, Methods of Quality Evaluation and Preparation of Wakan-yaku, Tohodo Shoten, Tokyo, 1987. |
DNA sequences of medicinal plants
| Gene Region | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | Chloroplast | Mitochondria | |||||||||||||||||
| Botanical source: Plant name | 5Ss | 18S | ITS1 | 5.8S | ITS2 | 26S | others | trnH-psbA | matK | trnK | trnK-rps16 | trnT-L | trnL | trnL-F | rbcL | rpoC1 | ndhF | others | |
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