Glycyrrhiza
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Market name：甘草 Photo location：Museum of Materia Medica, Inst. of Nat. Med. TMPW No.：9351 |
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Plant name：Glycyrrhiza uralensis Photo location：Mongolia Photo date：2001 Photographer：K. Komatsu |
| Synonym | |
| Latin name | Glycyrrhizae Radix |
| Botanical source: Family name | Leguminosae |
| Botanical source: Plant name | - Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer ex De Candolle (IPNI:496974-1) - Glycyrrhiza glabra Linné (IPNI:496941-1) |
| Part used | Root and stolon |
| Empirical criteria for quality selection | Good one has thick, dense roots which are bright yellow inside. It is very sweet (TN). |
| Constituents | Triterpenoids: [G. glabra]: Carbenoxolone Triterpenoid saponins: Glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhizic acid)(4-12%), 23-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 24-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 11-Deoxyglycyrrhetic acid, 24-Hydroxy-11-deoxyglycyrrhetic acid, Uralenic acid, Glycyrretol, Liquiritic acid, Glabric acid, Glabrolide, Deoxyglabrolide, Isoglabrolide, 21α-Hydroxyisoglabrolide, Liquiridioic acid, Liquoric acid; [G. glabra]: Glycyrrhizin; the following compounts are metabolites: 18β-Glycyrrhetic acid, 18α-Glycyrrhetic acid, 3-Epi-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 3-Dehydro-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 3-Dehydro-18α-glycyrrhetic acid, 3-Keto-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 3-Keto-18α-glycyrrhetic acid, 3α-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 3α-Hydroxy-18α-glycyrrhetic acid, 3β-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 3-Oxo-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 22α-Hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 24-Hydroxy-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 22α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 24-Hydroxy-3-oxo-18β-glycyrrhetic acid, 22α-Hydroxy-3-epi-18β-Glycyrrhetic acid, 24-Hydroxy-3-epi-18β-Glycyrrhetic acid, 3-O-Acetyl-22α-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid Flavonoids: Licoflavone A, Kumatakenin Flavanones & Dihydroflavonols: Liquiritin, Liquiritigenin; [G. glabra]: Neoliquiritin, Rhamnoliquiritin Isoflavones: Formononetin, Licoricone, 2-methyl-7-hydroxyisoflavone, Glabrone Chalcones, Dihydrochalcones & Aurones: Isoliquiritin, Isoliquiritigenin; [G. glabra]: Neoisoliquiritin, Licuraside, Rhamnoisoliquiritin, Licochalcone A, Licochalcone B Coumarins: Glycyrol, Isoglycyrol, Glycyrin Other aromatic derivatives: Licoricidin, Glabrene |
| Pharmacological effects | Inhibition of digestive ulcer, suppression of the secretion of gastric juices, spasmolysis, antitussive, adrenocortical hormone like effect (extract). Antiinflammatory, and antiallergic effects (glycyrrhizin). |
| Indications | As an emollient, painkiller, antitussive, expectorant and antidote, it is applied to treat stomachache, myalgia, convulsion, pharyngitis, rheumatism, arthritis, allergy, peptic ulcer and addisonism. It is the raw material of glycyrrhizin and corrigent. |
| Diseases | Swelling and pain of the throat, Cough, Palpitation, Anorexia, Pyogenic dermatosis, Gastric ulcer |
| Formulas | anchusan , anchusankabukuryo , ireito , uzukeishito , uzuto , uyakujunkisan , ureitsukisan , unkeito , untanto , eppikajutsuto , eppikajutsubuto , eppikahangeto , eppito , ogikenchuto , ogibekkoto , ogonkahangeshokyoto , ogonto , odoto , orento , otsujito , otsujitokyodaio , ompito , kaikyushokushoto , kairosan , kagaisan , kagenryokakusan (asada) , kagenryokakusan (kyoteiken) , kashokuyohito , kakkoshokisan , kakkon'oren'ogonto , kakkonkajutsubuto , kakkonkahangeto , kakkonkokato , kakkonto , kakkontokasenkyushin'i , kamiuntanto , kamikihito , kamigedokuto , kamishoyosan , kamishoyosankasenkyujio , kamiheiisan , karogaihakuto , karokijitsuto , karokeishito , kanzokankyoto , kanzoshashinto , kanzoto , kanzobushito , kanzomaoto , kambakutaisoto , kanroin , kikyoto , kigikenchuto , kishukunichinto , kippichikujoto , kihito , kyukikyogaito , kyukichoketsuin , kyukichoketsuindaiichikagen , kyoseihatekigan , kyososan , kufugedokusan , kumibinroto , keigairengyoto , keikyososooshimbuto , keishieppito , keishikaogito , keishikakakkonto , keishikakeito , keishikakobokukyoninto , keishikashakuyakushokyoninjinto , keishikashakuyakudaioto , keishikashakuyakuto , keishikajutsubuto , keishikabushito , keishikaryukotsuboreito , keishikaryojutsubuto , keishikanzoto , keishikanzoryukotsuboreito , keishikyokeikabukuryobyakujutsuto , keishikyoshakuyakukashokushitsuryukotsuboreito , keishikyoshakuyakuto , keishishakuyakuchimoto , keishito , keishinieppiitto , keishinieppiittokajutsubu , keishininjinto , keishibushito , keihito , keibohaidokusan , keimakakuhanto , kenchuto , gedaishimotsutokami , koshaheiisan , koshayoito , kosharikkunshito , kojito , kososan , kobokushichimotsuto , kobokushokyohangeninjinkanzoto , gokoto , goshakusan , gorinsan , saikatsugekito , saikatsutokasenkyushin'i , saikanto , saikyohangeto , saikokaboshoto , saikokaryukotsuboreito , saikokikitsuto , saikokeishikankyoto , saikokeishito , saikoseikanto , saikosokanto , saishakurikkunshito , saisoin , saibokuto , saireito , sansoninto , shigyakukaninjinto , shigyakusan , shigyakuto , shikunshito , shikonboreito , shishihakuhito , shakuyakukanzoto , shakuyakukanzobushito , shakosaito , shakkan'oshimbuto , shokyoshashinto , shokenchuto , shosaikoto , shosaikotokakikyosekko , shoseiryuto , shoseiryutokakyoninsekko , shoseiryutokasekko , shozokumeito , shobaito , shofusan , shomakakkonto , shoyosan , shimpito , jiinkokato , jiinshihoto , jijinmeimokuto , juzentaihoto , jumihaidokuto , jurokumiryukiin , junchoto , jogan'ippo , jofuto , jingyokyokatsuto , jingyobofuto , jinsoin , jinryobyakujutsusan , seikiankaito , seishitsuketanto , seishoekkito , seishinrenshiin , seijokentsuto , seijobofuto , seinetsuhokito , seihaito , senkanmeimokuto , senkyuchachosan , senkin'naitakusan , sempukukataishasekito , zenshikunshito , zenshibyakujutsusan , sokeikakketsuto , soshikokito , zokumeito , daiokanzoto , daiseiryuto , daibofuto , chikujountanto , chikuyosekkoto , chukenchuto , choijokito , chokoshiteito , chotosan , jidabokuippo , jizusoippo , jizusoippokyodaio , tsudosan , tsumyakushigyakukachotanjuto , tsumyakushigyakuto , teikiin , tokakujokito , tokiinshi , tokikenchuto , tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto , tokishigyakuto , tokito , toryuto , dokkatsukakkonto , dokkatsuto , nijutsuto , nichinto , nyoshinsan , ninjinto , ninjin'yoeito , hainosankyuto , hainoto , hachigesan , hangesankyuto , hangeshashinto , bakumondoto , byakujutsubushito , byakkokakeishito , byakkokaninjinto , byakkoto , fukankinshokisan , fuhishomyakusan , bukuryokanzoto , bukuryokyoninkanzoto , bukuryoshigyakuto , bukuryotakushato , bushikobeito , bushirichuto , bunshinkiin , heiisan , henseishinkiin , hochuekkito , hontonto (kinkiyoryaku) , hontonto (chugoho) , boiogito , boibukuryoto , bofutsushosan , maokajutsuto , maoto , maobushikanzoto , maorenshoshakushozuto , makyokansekito , makyoyokukanto , meiroin , yokuininto , yokukankashakuyaku , yokukansan , yokukansankashakuyakuoren , yokukansankachimpihange , rikkunshito , rikkosan , ryutanshakanto , ryokakusan , ryokankyomishingeninto , ryokito , ryokyojutsukanto , ryokeikansoto , ryokeijutsukanto , ryokeimikanto , reitakutsukito , reitakutsukitokashin'i , renjuin |
| Meridian tropism | Twelve meridians |
| Property | Neutral |
| Flavor | Sweet |
| Classification in "Shen-non Ben-cao Jing" | Superior |
| TCM: Classification | Tonics (Drugs for replenishing Qi [vital energy]) |
| TCM: Medicinal effects | To reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, moderate drug actions, restore the normal cardiac rhythm.: For cough with much phlegm, spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limb, carbuncles and sores. Reducing the toxic or drastic actions of the drugs. |
| Remarks | Listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th ed. Xinjiang Glycyrrhiza, the root or stolon of G. inflata Batal, is used for extracting and isolating glycyrrhizin. Raw or honey dipped fragments of Gancao are roasted, which are called Zhigancao. Gancao clears away heat and toxins well, whereas Zhigancao is strong in invigorating the spleen and replenishing qi (vital energy). Gancao is the most frequently used crude drug in Kampo formulations. Gancao extract is in high demand as a condiment for cigarette, soy sauce and other foods. Because of the action of its mineralcorticoids, long-term and massive use (over 50g/day) may lead to hypokalemia, hypernatremia, edema, high blood pressure and heart disorders. In extreme cases, it causes pseudoaldosteronism. |
| References | TN: T. Namba & Y. Tsuda ed., Outline of Pharmacognosy, a Textbook, 3rd ed., Nankodo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1998. |
DNA sequences of medicinal plants
| Gene Region | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | Chloroplast | Mitochondria | |||||||||||||||||
| Botanical source: Plant name | 5Ss | 18S | ITS1 | 5.8S | ITS2 | 26S | others | trnH-psbA | matK | trnK | trnK-rps16 | trnT-L | trnL | trnL-F | rbcL | rpoC1 | ndhF | others | |
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